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| An Institutional Approach To Pastoral Development: An Example From Ethiopia |
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Reference |
| Hogg, Richard; 1990 "An Institutional Approach To Pastoral Development: An Example From Ethiopia " Overseas Development Institute, London, pp 1-16 |
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Introduction to the Institution |
| The ancestral home of Boran was probably in the Highlands of Bale.But because of population pressure they had moved to their present day homeland i.e; Borana region. According to Boran, their spiritual leader is "kallu" who taught them how to sacrifice animals and instucted them in the "peace of Boran".
GADDA: This is a generation system in which every 8 years a new set of men becomes responsible for maintaining "Peace of Boran" through prayer and sacrifice.A number of Gadda officials are appointed each 8 years who act as case settlers, law makers and ritual leaders.
CLAN: Clansmen are expected to help other in times of hardship and to settle their disputes amicably at clan meetings. Clan leaders have no special power or authority, but in general have considerable moral authority to settle disputes, and to impose fines on wrong doers and even to seize property |
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Rules for Management
of the Institution |
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(a) Boundary Rules |
| Spatial: The area is approximately 33,849 sq km, and the population according to the 1984 National Census is 153,806, and the majority are Boran pastoralists.Pastoralism is the dominant economic activity in the area.According to a ground survey (1988), there are over a million cattle, some 450,000 small stock and nearly 80,000 camels in the area.
Social: Not clearly mentioned in the text |
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(b) Governance
rules |
| The primary unit of organisation is the household.Households are grouped into villages, village into neighbourhoods, which may in turn form a larger grazing encampment.
Villages may contain from a few houses to over 30 houses. The "senior man" known as the "father of the village" is the protector of the village inteests and its representative to the outside world. He is the person from whom strangers seek hospitality and newcomers request permission to join.His position however is dependent on the support of the other village elders and in case of any disagreement they can join another village. Village members will cooperate together in the herding and watering of animals, in the sharing of goods and services and in settlement of disputes. People can move both into and out of a village, but generally there is a core of prople who tend to stay together over a long period of time.
The term for locality in which the Boran live is ARDHA, within one ARDHA there can be several villages.These villages come together to discuss issues relating to the ARDHA in an ARDHA council or KORA meeting. Localities are built up into wider territorial units called DEDA : an area of common grazing regularly used by a group of villages, which in turn forms MADDA: permanent water (refer fig 1 on pp.5)
MADDA: Madda is essentially an area of grazing which is defined in terms of right of access and responsibility for the upkeep of particular wells.Within the madda area , herdowners are expected to obey the rules and regulations established by the madda council relating to the use and maintenance of the madda wells. At the time of crisis the herdowners who come from outside, unless they show good reason, may be denied access to madda wells. Most Boran live and water their animals in one madda. However, when grazing is scarce within the madda, all stockowners have the right to use grazing in other areas and will normally be allowed to use wells, if they seek permission.
DEDA: These are grazing areas customarily used by a group of villages. Decisions are taken jointly by these villages regarding use of the deda. Council meetings are coordinated by the "senior man" of one of the villages in the deda to discuss grazing management. Although use of the deda is not restricted to those villages living within the boundaries, but decisions made by the council are binding on all users
Boran rule by assembly, and different leaders have different competencies in different types of assembly. There are two kinds of assembly :i) assembly based on membership of a locality ii) asembly based on membership of a clan and/ or gadda system
In the locality the main assemblies are those of the village, ARDHA and DEDA. All resident household heads can participate and air their views. Decisions are made by consensus and reference is constantly made to Boran customary law. If a consensus decision is impossible or one of the parties does not accept the decision, then the case can be passed to a clan assembly, or to higher gada officials. The ultimate assembly of appeal is the assembly of all Boran held every eight years |
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(c) Resource Allocation |
| Not reported |
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Conflict Resolution Mechanism |
| Not reported |
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Problems Faced by Institution |
| Not reported |
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Changes in the Institution over time |
| Not reported |
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Purpose |
| Pastoral development |
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Country |
| Ethiopia (Africa) |
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Date Of Publication |
| RS-25\06\96 |
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