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| Promoting Good Governance and community-based management in Danau Sentarum National Park under Decentralization |
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Reference |
| Wadley, Reed L.,Dennis, Rona A.,Meijaard, Erik,Erman, Andi,Valentinus, Heri,Giesen, Wim, "After the conservation project: Danau Sentarum National Park and its vicinity--conditions and prospects ", Borneo Research Bulletin, 2000; " Introduction to Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.(Research Notes).", www.thefreelibrary.com; Elizabeth Linda Yuliani, Yayan Indriatmoko, Valentinus Heri, Seselia Ernawati, Leon Budi Prasetyo, Zul MS, "Promoting Good Governance in Danau Sentarum National Park under Decentralization", Presentation prepared for The International Workshop on Strengthening Community Conserved Area Turkey, 1-5 October 2007. |
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Introduction to the Institution |
| The Danau Santarum National Park covers an area of 1,32,000 hectares, and is located in the floodplain of the upper Kapuas River in West Kalimantan, Indonesian borneo. The Park lies between the Kapuas River and the border with Sarawak, and is located between 0o40'-0o55' N and 112o00'-112o25' E at an average elevation of 35 meters. DSNP consists of a series of interconnected seasonal lakes, interspersed with swamp forest, peat swamp forest, and dry lowland forest on isolated hills. The Danau Sentarum conservation project, initiated in 1992 with funding from the British Overseas Development Administration (ODA), aimed at (re-)establishing community-based management practices and was successful in some areas, such as reinforcing local customary law, strengthening legislation, and creating local appreciation of conservation values. The project ended in July 1997 |
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Rules for Management
of the Institution |
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(a) Boundary Rules |
| Spatial boundaries: The Danau Santarum National Park covers an area of 1,32,000 hectares, and is located in the floodplain of the upper Kapuas River in West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. The Park lies between the Kapuas River and the border with Sarawak, and is located between 0o40'-0o55' N and 112o00'-112o25' E at an average elevation of 35 meters. Social boundaries: Inhabited by local communities long before declared National Park. Two major ethnic groups: Iban Dayak (periphery hills) and Malay (lakes). Malays, which inhabit 34 of the 39 villages located in or immediately adjacent the Park (Colfer et al., 2000). |
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(b) Governance
rules |
| Local communities manage their natural resources using customary regulation and local knowledge. Have applied ‘conservation’ in their own terms, for inter- generational sustainability of their livelihoods 1) Fishing: Each Malay village has a head fisherman or ketua nelayan, who presides over fishing activities and assures that proper practices are adhered to in the villages' fishing area. Certain techniques are prohibited, such as the use of fixed bag nets (jermal) in certain areas, the use of fish poisons, and--strangely enough--the use of earthworms as bait. 2) Honey industry: In villages where honey is collected in reasonably large amounts, regulations have existed for a long time, and in some villages a person specifically responsible for the honey (the ketua madu or ketua priyau) is appointed (Rouquette, 1995; Mulder et al., 2000).3) Harvesting of timber: Harvesting of timber in the area governed by a particular village is controlled by the village head or head fisherman ketua nelayan Malays hunt Sambar Dear Cervus unicolor but are restricted by religious beliefs from hunting other wildlife. |
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(c) Resource Allocation |
| 1) Fishing: The Malay economy revolves entirely around fishing. When water levels are high, fishing activity is at ebb and carried out for subsistence only. During the onset of the dry season (usually June), as water levels drop, fishing activity picks up, and when the lakes have almost dried out, fishing activity peaks and almost everyone is involved.2) Honey industry: Harvesting of Honey occurres mainly at the end of the wet season, or early dry season. Bees also make use of large boughs of trees, and such a natural honey tree is called lalau--which are also marked and "owned" for a season by the person discovering the combs. 3) Harvesting of timber: Villagers may harvest freely for themselves, provided that it is for their own use, while permission is granted to outsiders, provided that they follow protocol (i.e. ask permission), and harvest for their own use rather than for commercial purposes.4) Dayak villages located within the Park are actively involved in fishing, although they are more oriented towards dryland activities such as shifting cultivation and hunting than their Malay neighbors |
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Conflict Resolution Mechanism |
| 1) Each village has its own utilization zone (wilayah kerja), which is managed by a locally elected head fisherman with responsibility to enforce traditional law or hukum adat on resource harvesting. However, hukum adat is losing its power as communities are influenced from outside, and as government by state replaces that by elders (Aglionby, 1997). 2) Local autonomy & district/province election: Conflict between ethnic groups are used for election and campaign to get voters. 3) Logging companies create a demand for temporary unskilled labor, food supplies, and other produ cts (e.g. rattan), but may disrupt local communities because of socially unacceptable behavior (alcohol abuse, prostitution). However communities are taking their future into their own hands, negotiating with logging, oil palm plantation companies, and the older timber concession companies. |
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Problems Faced by Institution |
| Resources are steadily eroding, with fish catches declining and forest area dwindling. The main reasons for this are complex, involving an influx of immigrants, increased non-adherence to local customary law, population increase, increased access to external markets, and a steady development of adjacent areas (e.g. by large-scale logging enterprises and plantation enterprises), more efficient harvesting techniques |
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Changes in the Institution over time |
| UK-Indonesia Tropical Forest Management Project (UK-ITFMP) was introduced in 1992 and it ran till 1997. Under UK-ITFMP, numerous baseline studies were carried out, along with attempts at establishing community-based management and introducing novel approaches to natural resource management, such as reinforcing local customary law, strengthening legislation, and creating local appreciation of conservation values. By means of adding value to the local products the program was also successful in generating additional local income without significantly increasing pressures on natural resources. UK-ITFMP is continued by Yayasan Dian Tama (YDT), a local NGO or LSM (lembaga swadaya masyarakat), from July 1997 to June 2000. YDT is currently seeking external funding to continue its projects in the DSNP area. |
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Purpose |
| establishing community-based management of natural resources. |
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Country |
| Indonesia |
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Region |
| Floodplain of the upper Kapaus River in West Kalimantan Indonesian Borneo |
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