innovation catalogue


Advanced Toothbrush
Technology Category: Consumer durables

The advanced toothbrush is provided with toothpaste dispenser along with its handle. In this novel concept toothpaste is supplied to the bristles with the help of a piston that forces the paste to travel to the bristles and hence to the teeth of user. The system is highly portable.

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Advanced Toothbrush


Amphibious Bicycle
Technology Category: Transport

A unique arrangement as attachment retrofitted to a conventional bi-cycle to make it amphibious. It is an ergonomically designed, low cost manually operated transport vehicle with capacity to transport one person (rider) having front and backward movement in water.

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http://www.nifindia.org/video/saidullha.mpg


Areca Nut Husking Machine
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

This device is a fully automated, cost effective husking machine for areca nut growers. The innovation is ready to market with capacity to process 20 kgs of areca nut per hour, at a safe and comfortable pace of working.

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Areca Nut Husking Machine
Cost benefit ratio 1:6


Aruni -Tilting Bullock Cart
Technology Category: Transport

In the traditional bullock cart, with two wheels, part of the load is borne by the draft animals on their shoulders and neck and the harnessing system at present makes it difficult to negotiate sharp bends or turns in the road. This causes gall on the neck of the bullocks, which affects not only the efficiency of the animals but also their stamina. This cart is thus designed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional carts by having an additional wheel to balance the load. In addition the cart has a tilting mechanism which is based on the rope and pulley system which can be controlled by a lever located alongside the cart driver.

Amrutbhai Agrawat is a creative artisan of Junagadh districts. He invented many farm equipments and innovations related to reduce the drudgery of Animals and Women like pulley with stopper. He is also one of the most senior and active member of Honey Bee Network. The Indian patent 194420 has been granted to this innovation.

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Aruni -Tilting Bullock Cart


Auto Air Kick Pump - a tyre inflating device
Technology Category: Auto components, accessories & garage equipment

A low cost, portable, compact and essential aid to inflate the tyre tubes of two wheelers or any vehicle having kick start or auto start mechanism so as to enable the rider to reach nearby help station or repair shop. In this device air inside the compressor, while kicking, is utilized and transferred to the tube. Also a pinch of polymer granules is inserted to seal the leakage in the tube.

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Auto Air Kick Pump - a tyre inflating device


Auto Compression Sprayer
Technology Category: Agriculture machinery and farm implement

A knapsack sprayer in which the compression for spraying is generated by tapping the natural body movements through the means of a spring loaded dead weight. The innovative design facilitates increase in spraying productivity due to lowering of fatigue.The Indian patent 295768 has been granted to this innovation.

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Auto Compression Sprayer
http://www.nifindia.org/video/arvindbhai.mpg


Bamboo Splints Making Device
Technology Category: Environment management technology

The innovation is cost effective manually operated device that helps reduces drudgery. This is specifically designed to increase the efficiency of bamboo workers, who prepare bamboo splint for incense sticks, tooth picks, ice cream sticks and is a good livelihood generation product. The innovative design optimizes waste utilisation.

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Bamboo Splints Making Device
Highly efficient vis- a- vis exiting manual device.


Beauty Care Umbrella
Technology Category: Consumer durables

A durable, stain free, water proof umbrella produced from muga silk, having a pleasing golden shine which illuminates colour, gives vitality, energy to the human nervous system and protection from UV radiations up to 80 % (laboratory approved) against 40% offered by conventional umbrellas.

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Beauty Care Umbrella


Bicycle Sprayer
Technology Category: Agriculture machinery and farm implement

A low cost, flexible, easy maneuverable and cost efficient sprayer mounted on any bicycle platform. Pressure is generated by the forward and backward movement of the bicycle and spraying is done through sprayer boon nozzles. This sprayer has an adjustable and foldable boom, which can be adjusted for height as well as spraying nozzles positions.

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Bicycle Sprayer
http://www.nifindia.org/video/mansukh_cycle.mpg
Flexible product with adjustable height and width of spraying boom to increase flexibility for various crops.


Boiled Tea Making Machine for Customized Taste
Technology Category: Consumer durables

It is a cost effective, semi automated and programmable tea making machine, which makes tea hygienically in a manner to preserve the original flavour.

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Boiled Tea Making Machine for Customized Taste
http://www.nifindia.org/video/ashok.mpg


Cardamom Polishing Unit
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

A cost effective, innovatively designed cardamom processing unit optimizing space resulting in higher drying capacity as compared to the conventional one.

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Cardamom Polishing Unit


Cobweb Cleaner
Technology Category: Consumer durables

The mechanized cob web cleaner consists of a small motor, a small rod, a light emitting diode (LED) and a long plastic pipe. The machine has a switch on one end and a motor at the other. The motor can be rotated up to 90 degrees in three different directions and the wire is expandable. Speed is slow but effective. It can be run with a DC plug. Even on the top of the rod there is a bulb holder for searching the cobweb.
The machine is named as ‘SPY – 2000’ by the innovator. This machine cleans up the cobweb on the walls. It works with AC/DC power.
Salient Features:
• It works on simple mechanism with AC/DC power
• It can be rotated in all directions and it is expandable to reach outlying areas
• It is made up of plastic pipe and therefore is light in weight
• This is a kind of tiny vacuum cleaner to clean up roofs and walls

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The device is more effective in comparison to manual one.


Coconut / Palm Tree Climbing Device
Technology Category: Mixed return (social and commercial) technology

The Innovator has developed a simple, safe, easy to use device for any season and by any person, cutting down the climbing time to 1-2 minutes for a 40 m tree as against 4-5 minutes traditionally required. It can be an income generating product for NGO working for economic empowerment. The Indian patent 194566 has been granted to this innovation.

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http://www.nif.org.in/video/tree_climber.html


Coconut Defibring Machine
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

This compact and portable machine is used for the defibring process. This machine defibres the coconut husk to fine coconut fibre. It can process about 3,200 of coconut husk per day for coir (coconut fibre) making and works on a 10 HP motor only.

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Coconut Defibring Machine


Coconut Husker
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

A semi-automated mechanical device that efficiently and conveniently husks coconuts. It makes husking process simple and safe for labourers. It also helps coconut traders and industries in cutting down their operating costs and overcome problem of shortage of labourers besides enhancing the productivity.

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http://www.nifindia.org/demo/coconut dehusker.mpg


Compost Aerator
Technology Category: Agriculture machinery and farm implement

The present innovation relates to a compost aerator machine which can efficiently turn, mix, aerate and humidify the waste, preferably a bio-waste, to it’s readily conversion into a compost useful as rich manure in agriculture fields.

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1) A composite machine to carry out all the necessary treatment (i.e. turning, mixing, aerating and humidifying) of waste required for its compost forming.
2) Hydraulic lifting mechanism for putting machine in and out of operation.
3) A particular size, shape and fashion of arrangement of blades over turner, Suitable, appropriate & efficient humidifying means (source and sprinkling)
4) Capable of processing about 200 tons of material in 8-10 minutes
5). Reduces the composting time to almost half thus increase the productivity.


Compost Aerator
Paddles provide a blending and mixing action. The machine can prepare 65 to 85 troli of compost per hour.


Cotton Stripper
Technology Category: Agriculture machinery and farm implement

A cost efficient, innovatively designed machine to remove cotton (indigenous variety of cotton V 797, Guj 21 and vager) from shell efficiently, in the process does away with manual labour traditionally required and improves the quality of cotton.
· Application domains: Removing of shells from cotton specifically indigenous variety of cotton V 797 in the process saves cost involved in manual labour and reduces drudgery of women & children.
· Alternative potential application areas : The innovation can be developed for application in other varity of cotton. As well as incorporating features for integrated cotton processing. The Indian patent 198755 has been granted to this innovation.

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Cotton Stripper


Double Acting Pump
Technology Category: General purpose machinery & equipment

An energy efficient pump to lift water during both up and down strokes of the piston and therefore functions as a double acting pump further the pump has a unique balancing mechanism to give constant load distribution throughout the cycle and can fulfill both high discharge and high pressure needs.

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Double Acting Pump


Electro Tyre Processor
Technology Category: General purpose machinery & equipment

: In conventionally, tire re-treading was being carried out through steam based heating system using fire woods. This system needs at least 1.5 tons of fire woods to cure a 14 kg of matrix (heavy duty matrix weighs up to 80 kg) and for proper vulcanizing the matrix needs the temperature of 150 degree Celsius. In addition to that, in conventional system the entire tire is exposed for heating which leads in reduction in life of the tire too. To combat all these problems, the innovator had developed an electrically heating system for matrix in tire vulcanizing.

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Electro Tyre Processor
Electronically controlled tire re-treading machine to lengthen the life of tire to 25 to 30 per cent


Entech Expeller
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

An oil expeller to crush all kind of oil seeds. The device uses the planetary gear system coupled with screw press, which saves power by� 40% when compared to the conventional oil expellers of same capacity. In terms of space requirement, it is 55% compact.

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Entech Expeller
Conventional oil expeller machines use screw press mechanism, the efficiency is 30 – 40% less as compared to the innovative mach


Ericulture -a non violent silkworm rearing technique
Technology Category: Open source technology(no license fee required)

It’s a non-violent castor leaf based silk rearing technique wherein the pupa is not killed before spinning yarn from the cocoons, the adult moth in ericulture is allowed to emerge alive from the cocoon and complete its full life cycle.

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Ericulture -a non violent silkworm rearing technique


Garlic Peeling Machine
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

A food-grade highly cost competitive, fully automated machinery designed for bulk quantity peeling of garlic without damaging and maintaining the original property with wide application in pickle industry and herbal medicine (Pharma). The machine is energy efficient and saves labour. Economizes operating cost, saves initial capital investments and removes capacity constraints caused by shortage of human labourers in peak seasons for pickle industry

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Garlic Peeling Machine
http://www.nifindia.org/demo/garlic_peeling.mpg
Labour and energy


Grading Machine for Raisins
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

A cost efficient innovation to grade/sort the raisins (dried grapes) according to size thereby reducing time consumed than manual grading. It is also used for cleaning the raisin to remove dust, twigs and other foreign. It is available in two models of 2 and 4 tonnes capacity.

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Grading Machine for Raisins


Groundnut Digger cum Separator Machine
Technology Category: Agriculture machinery and farm implement

A low cost, drudgery reduction, tractor driven device which digs out the groundnuts (99 %) and separates them from the earth. Traditionally post harvest about 25 % of the groundnuts stay beneath the soil which needs to be recover through manual labor for digging of groundnut

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Groundnut Digger cum Separator Machine
99 % recovery through harvesting and soil separation efficiency. 32 liters of diesel/ 8 hour shift


Gum Scrapper
Technology Category: Open source technology(no license fee required)

The egronomically designed gum scrapper with a saucer shaped plate attached to a sharpen blade on the top of bamboo stick to facilitate collection of gum from gando baval tree (Prosopis juliflora). The gums are collected free of contamination from the trees by scrapping methods.

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Gum Scrapper


Hand Driven Sprayer
Technology Category: Agriculture machinery and farm implement

It’s a low cost, energy efficient, farmer friendly device. A non-body type sprayer using the rotational energy of its wheel for spraying wherein the rotation of the wheel provides reciprocating motion to the piston of the pump, which in turn, generates pressure and spray liquid through nozzles fitted on the spray boom.The Indian patent has been granted to this innovation.

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Hand Driven Sprayer


Incubator for Hatching Eggs
Technology Category: Mixed return (social and commercial) technology

A cost effective and sustainable poultry egg hatching technology for achieving 80 % hatchability efficiency, using a combination of bulb, fan and a thermostat cut off mechanism to maintain optimum temperature and humidity. The turning of egg is done manually or automatically in the semi-mechanical version of the machine. It is available in three models of 100, 250 and 500 eggs capacity.

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Incubator for Hatching Eggs
80.5% hatchability


Innovative Check Dam
Technology Category: Open source technology(no license fee required)

Its a very cost-effective and strong rainwater harvesting structure wherein multiple semicircular arches are made using locally available stones and cement, which is 60% lower than conventional check dam.

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Innovative Check Dam


Jyothi's Herbal Hair Oil
Technology Category: Herbal formulation

The concoction of herb and oil base prepared through a unique treatment process. It prevents premature graying, baldness and dandruff.

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Jyothi's Herbal Hair Oil


Kittanal
Technology Category: Open source technology(no license fee required)

It is a piece of hollow PVC tube with one end slightly broadened and the other end cut at 45˚ to the axis. The tapered end is inserted into the polythene bag and held over the PVC tube and scooping the other end in the soil fills the bag in one scoop.The innovation is a dudgery reduction device for filling bags in nursery.

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Kittanal


Lemon Cutting Machine
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

A cost effective, food grade, machine for the pickle industry having innovative design of continues feeding system to facilitate cutting of large quantity of lemon in uniform shape and sizes. It can be operated by one person. The machine is designed to optimize safety.

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Lemon Cutting Machine
http://www.nifindia.org/video/lemon_cutting.mpg


Low Discharge Zero Energy Pump
Technology Category: General purpose machinery & equipment

A low cost, energy efficient water pumping device, which taps hydel power and is driven by the kinetic energy of the stream or water current. The pump is placed axially in the direction of flow in river or channel to capture high-speed water flow.

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Low Discharge Zero Energy Pump


Manual Tile Making Machine
Technology Category: Construction & building equipment

This is a cost effective, ergonomic, manually operated and efficient livelihood sector machine for making roof tiles. The operator sits down and pedals the unit, which facilitates the uniform agitation of the cement concrete to remove air-bubbles.

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Manual Tile Making Machine
http://www.nifindia.org/video/sukhram_mistri.mpg
Removes 100 % air bubbles. One tiles per minutes.


Manual Wood Cutting Machine
Technology Category: Any other

It is a cost efficient, manually operated (with both hand and foot pedal options), mobile, innovatively designed wood cutting machine which significantly improves productivity as compared to manual sawing.

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Manual Wood Cutting Machine
http://www.nifindia.org/video/karuna.mpg
Takes 3 minutes to cut 1 cubic feet of wood compared to 1.75 hrs by manual sawing and 1.5 minutes by electric sawing


Milking Machine
Technology Category: Dairy machinery

A low cost, manually operated device to help farmers in milking milch animal hygienically and reducing drudgery in the process. It is easy to use with simple operations and can also be operated by women as well.

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Milking Machine
http://www.nifindia.org/video/raghava_gowda.mpg
Airtight components and subassembly with sealing gaskets to deliver milk output of 1.5 to 4 liters /min.


Mini Sanitary Napkin Making Machine
Technology Category: Gender product

The mini sanitary napkin making machine has three different units namely de-fibration, core forming and sealing unit for de-fibration of wood pulp, core forming and sealing with poly propylene respectively. It is a technology to prepare the low cost sanitary napkin with the same materials by cutting down the cost in production. It requires 3 to 4 manpower to produce 2 pads in per min.

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Novelty lies in employing the different well known units to make low cost sanitary pads.


Mini Sanitary Napkin Making Machine
2 pads/minute


Mobile Pepper thresher
Technology Category: Agriculture machinery and farm implement

An improved, cost effective and mobile pepper threshing unit with better productivity. It is retrofitted on a 8-10 HP standard tiller. Also a separate winnowing unit is developed, which has a prismatic wooden hopper block sitting on two bars on top of a tall vertical frame.

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Mobile Pepper thresher


Mobile-phone Operated Switch
Technology Category: Electronic gadgets

The mobile operated switch developed by Mr. Saini is operated through a cellular phone in which a configured phone number is stored. It is only through this configured phone
numbers that the designated mobile phone, connected to the switch, can be activated.

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Mobile-phone Operated Switch


Modified Design for Air Blower
Technology Category: AC / ventilation machinery & Equipment

A non-metallic and single piece (joint-free) fan blade of air blower for silent operation, increased durability and lower power consumption. The fins (fan blade) of the blowers are Acrylic Butadiene Styrene, extruded in aerodynamic profile and assembled in the form of a cylinder so as to ensure better airflow.

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Modified Design for Air Blower


Modified Fan design
Technology Category: Environment management technology

The product is a highly efficient, environment friendly, multi-bladed, double-layer fan to blow air for various applications. It has two sets of larger and smaller blades located circumferentially in the same axial shaft.

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Modified Fan design
It generates a better heat sink as is known in double layered fans.


Modified Silkworm Raring Tray.
Technology Category: Environment management technology

The cost effective innovation having optimized size, material, weight and arrangement of silk rearing trays achieving a host of benefits like easy maintenance, durability, increased productivity and profitability. As these trays are lighter in weight, a single person can handle these trays comfortably.

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Modified Silkworm Raring Tray.
50 % on other commercially available tray Space between two trap reduces 10" - 12".


Motor Cycle Driven Ploughing Device
Technology Category: Agriculture machinery and farm implement

A low cost, easy to assemble and sturdy farming machine, smaller than the tillers and tractors but stronger than the bullocks where a plough mounted on a motorcycle having 4.5 hp engine designed to replace animal driven farm implements for agricultural operations consisting of ploughing, sowing and inter culturing. It can also be used as a transportation device with small change-over time. The Indian patent 205097 has been granted to this innovation.

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Motor Cycle Driven Ploughing Device


Multi Cylinder Reciprocating Pump
Technology Category: General purpose machinery & equipment

A multi-cylinder reciprocating pump capable of lifting water from substantial depth with a good discharge. Moreover, the pump can be operated either manually or by electricity or through a diesel engine, depending on the conditions and preferences of the end user.

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Multi Cylinder Reciprocating Pump


Natural Water Cooler
Technology Category: Consumer durables

Low cost, energy efficient, environment friendly water cooler, which cools water naturally based on principle of heat exchange. The cooling process does not require external power source for operation. The technology has tremendous potential in dry and hot climatic conditions (i.e. tropical) where electricity is not available. The Indian patent 199939 has been granted to this innovation.

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Natural Water Cooler
No external power is required for cooling


Panihari - a head Load reducing device
Technology Category: Gender product

An ergonomically designed device with two extended supporting rod from circular disk to distribute weight, traditionally carried on head, on shoulder,which is better positioned to carry weight. It provides relief to women folk, who have to carry weight for a long distance.

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Panihari - a head Load reducing device


Pomegranate Peeling Machine
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

The machine is a small agro processing machinery that has the capability for deseeding upto 5 kg of Pomegranate in 3-5 mins. The feeding can be done either by batch feeding of upto 5 kg of pomegranate fruit, or continous feeding of one fruit at a time. There is a high degree of separation of seeds from the peel and other fibrous part of the pomegranate fruit, as end product.

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Pomegranate Peeling Machine
Highly efficient as compared to manual deseeding.


Pulley with Stopper
Technology Category: Gender product

A ratchet is attached to a pulley for preventing the movement of rope towards the well thereby reducing injuries to women and children such as rope burns etc. and loss of bucket. It comes in three models Ganga, Narmada and Saraswati.

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Pulley with Stopper


Reversible Reduction Gearbox for Inboard Marine Diesel Engine
Technology Category: Transport

The Innovator came up with Reversible Reduction Gearbox for Inboard Marine Diesel Engine as observed the inconvenience of the local fisherman while fishing with existing marine appliances. In the earlier diesel engines there is a lack of powered gear system for maneuverability. To overcome the above major problems the innovator developed a suitable gearbox for inboard engine for better maneuverability and to minimize the fuel cost.

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Reversible Reduction Gearbox for Inboard Marine Diesel Engine
The Reverse gears helps in parking the boat even in the presence of bigger waves


Safety Device for Remote Firing of Crackers
Technology Category: Electronic gadgets

A ergonomically designed, remote operated device to burst different kinds of firecrackers such as bombs, rockets and flower pots, sequentially during public functions, events, festivals, household usage and marriages.

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Safety Device for Remote Firing of Crackers


Septic Tank Baffle System - An Effluent Filtering Device
Technology Category: Construction & building equipment

The cost effective filtering device is a compact co-axial system of PVC pipes which allows out flow of treated waste water while retaining the solid waste allowing anaerobic decomposition of waste resulting cost saving of 30-40% over conventional septic tanks. The installation of the device does away with baffle walls and dividers.The Indian patent has been granted to this innovation.

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Septic Tank Baffle System - An Effluent Filtering Device
http://www.nifindia.org/video/rajesh_t_r.mpg
Reduction In BOD/COD count..


Solar Mosquito Destroyer http://kinetr.com/aboutus.html
Technology Category: Environment management technology

The solar mosquito destroyer offers a cost-effective and environment-friendly solution to destroy mosquitoes. It works simple as it attract the flies from a drainage/septic tank and trap them into the translucent top (`solar furnace'), where they perish in the heat of the sun. Mosquitoes have low heat resistance capacity and hence they get killed.The innovation is based totally on solar energy which is used to kill mosquitoes, attracted by sewage gas, by heating them. This makes the system very eco friendly. Other products use either LED, propane or other gases to attract mosquitoes but our system only uses the gas released through septic tank which is freely available. This device is very handy and very easy to install the machine. The assembly has to be put in the place where it can get direct exposure to sun. This SMD attracts mosquitoes into it by using biogas from a drainage tank or a septic tank and gets them trapped in its upper part where they perish in the heat of the sun.
Salient Features:
•Eco-friendly device
• No chemical or pesticides is used in this device to destroy mosquitoes or houseflies
•It works by using biogas and direct sunlight
•Low cost
The Indian patent has been granted to this innovation.

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Solar Mosquito Destroyer http://kinetr.com/aboutus.html
The device is very effective to work in any type of climatic conditions


Tapioca / Cassava Peeling Machine
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

This is a highly efficient, low cost, machine used for peeling of cassava roots, which are further used for many applications in the food industry.

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There is also chopping mechanism which cuts the tapioca so that the length of the tuber will not be 9 inches


Tapioca / Cassava Peeling Machine
More than 90 per cent rind is peeled


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Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

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Technology Category: Agri - plant variety

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Tri - cycle based Mobile Sprayer
Technology Category: Agriculture machinery and farm implement

This innovation is a low cost, energy efficient mobile sprayer unit that can be held by the handle bar and pushed forward on three wheels and the motion drives the piston which in turn powers the spray nozzles. Nozzle distance and the height of the spray boom can be adjusted as per the orientation of the crop.

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Tri - cycle based Mobile Sprayer


Vanrai Bicycle Pump.
Technology Category: General purpose machinery & equipment

This is a cost effective, environment friendly, cycle based portable centrifugal pump mounted on carrier over the rear wheel of any bicycle. Pedal power is transferred from two pulleys attached at the back of wheel to pump water.

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Vanrai Bicycle Pump.
Discharge - 30 liters per minute (LPM) Net water head - 50 feet.


Walking Stick With Light
Technology Category: Any other

A low cost, walking stick with simple and easy to operate features and a light to illuminate the area close to the feet of the used during night, thereby saving user to carry torch, stick and other accessories at the same time. The innovation uses 0.5 Volt pencil batteries discharged from routine consumer application product.

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High on utility and efficency.


Walnut Cracker
Technology Category: Agro based food processing machinery

The proposed innovations is a motorized machine that will crack the walnuts automatically such that its useful fruit could be separated easily which is otherwise done manually. The machine would have a hopper as a feed-in section, a grading section, two rollers rotating in counter direction and the outlet. The walnuts to be cracked are placed in the hopper and would be screened automatically such that similar allowable size is passes through the rollers below the grading unit and the other sizes are separated out. The grading size can be selected by the operator and also the spacing between the rollers can be adjusted to match the size of the walnuts.

Salient features and advantages

- Saves upon time and money
- Can perform the work of about ten labours in the same time.
- Very little maintenance
- Even cracking of walnuts
- Does not harm the inner fruit

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Walnut Cracker
Low cost, high efficiency


Washing Cum Exercise Machine
Technology Category: Consumer durables

The innovation is a mechanical, semi-automated, pedal operated washing machine for clothes, which works on the principle of tumbling effect. The device comprising a cuboid shaped encasement, which rotates through a shaft integrated to pedals with a seating arrangement for the user. The operation facilitates physical exercise for the user. The Indian patent 207634 has been granted to this innovation.

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Washing Cum Exercise Machine


White Flowered Cardamom Variety
Technology Category: Agri - plant variety

Mr. K.J. Baby has developed a white flowered variety of cardamom, which has higher yield, high oil content and high recovery ratio than the locally popular varieties. The variety has wider adaptability to different shade conditions apart from having higher production than other Mysore, Vazhukka, Njallani, Green-bold, Palakkudi and Veeraputhara varieties, which are locally popular. It has sturdy plants, robust tillers and deeper root system, which makes it resistant to various biotic and abiotic stresses.

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White Flowered Cardamom Variety
Single tiller planted in the nursery giving rise to 30 tillers, comparing over varieties with 20-25 tillers.